UM/UIM: What is uninsured and underinsured motorist coverage

What is uninsured/underinsured motorist coverage?

Uninsured/underinsured motorist coverage (UM/UIM) covers the bills when an uninsured or underinsured motorist causes an accident. It's an optional coverage in some states and required in others.

Your insurer may sell underinsured and uninsured motorist coverage separately, or they may be combined as uninsured/underinsured motorists. State law affects how this coverage is sold.

An uninsured person has no car insurance or insurance coverage that doesn't meet state-mandated minimum liability requirements. Uninsured coverage may also come into play if the other driver's insurance company denies their claim or can't pay it. A hit-and-run driver also counts as uninsured regarding bodily injury, though not normally for property damage.

Underinsured drivers may have minimum insurance required by law, but not enough to cover the damage they cause in an accident. For example, California only requires drivers to carry $15,000 per person and $30,000 per incident of bodily injury liability coverage and only $5,000 in property damage liability. A driver carrying these limits meets the legal requirements but won't have enough coverage if they cause a serious accident. A driver with coverage above the legal limits is underinsured if the bills from the accident exceed their coverage limits.

What does uninsured motorist coverage cover?

If you are involved in an accident where the at-fault driver lacks adequate liability insurance, your uninsured/underinsured motorist coverage will kick in to cover your expenses.

There are two types of uninsured/underinsured motorist coverage:

Uninsured motorist bodily injury coverage
Uninsured motorist property damage coverage

The first covers injuries, and the second covers property damage. If you carry both, then you'll have protection for both medical bills resulting from an accident with an uninsured or underinsured driver and the damage they do to your car or property.

How much does uninsured motorist insurance cost?

Costs vary, but UM/UIM coverage is generally very affordable. It typically costs roughly 5% of your annual auto insurance premium. For example, if an annual auto insurance premium costs $800, adding UM/UIM insurance will run about $40 annually.

The best way to see what UM/UIM insurance will cost you is to compare car insurance quotes from several companies.

How does uninsured/underinsured motorist coverage work?

The process for a simple underinsured motorist claim may look like this:

Another motorist hits you.
You file a claim, and the insurance companies determine that the other driver was at fault.
Your $40,000 car is a total loss, but the other driver only carries $25,000 in property damage liability.
You receive $25,000 from the other driver's insurance company.
Your underinsured motorist coverage kicks in, and because you carry $50,000 in uninsured motorist property damage coverage, it pays the remaining balance.

This may differ if you're dealing with an injury claim, especially in a no-fault state where your personal injury protection (PIP) will apply first to your medical bills.

If the other driver has no insurance at all, however, you will need to work solely with your own insurance company for an uninsured motorist claim.

How to file an uninsured/underinsured motorist claim

If you have been in an accident, even if you think the other party is at fault, you should immediately call your own insurance company. Filing a claim with your insurer for the accident is the first step to using your uninsured or underinsured motorist coverage.

Until the full cost of the damages is known, you won't know if the other driver has enough insurance. However, if they have no insurance, your insurer can take steps right away to process an uninsured motorist claim.

Do I need uninsured motorist insurance?

In some states, you are required by law to carry some level of uninsured motorist coverage. In others it's optional.

The rate of uninsured motorists in your state might help you make the choice,

Uninsured motorist rates by state

Uninsured and Underinsured coverage

According to the Insurance Research Council (IRC) 12.6%, or one in eight drivers, are uninsured.

Below, you'll see how states rank by the percentage of uninsured motorists, according to the latest data from the IRC.

Rank	State	Uninsured %
1	Mississippi	29.4%
2	Michigan	25.5%
3	Tennessee	23.7%
4	New Mexico	21.8%
5	Washington	21.7%
6	Florida	20.4%
7	Alabama	19.5%
8	Arkansas	19.3%
9	District of Columbia	19.1%
10	California	16.6%
11	Rhode Island	16.5%
12	Missouri	16.4%
13	Colorado	16.3%
14	Alaska	16.1%
15	Indiana	15.8%
16	Maryland	14.1%
17	Kentucky	13.9%
18	Oklahoma	13.4%
19	Wisconsin	13.3%
20	Idaho	13.2%
21	Ohio	13.0%
22	North Dakota	13.0%
23	Georgia	12.4%
24	Arizona	11.8%
25	Illinois	11.8%
26	Louisiana	11.7%
27	Iowa	11.3%
28	Kansas	10.9%
29	South Carolina	10.9%
30	Oregon	10.7%
31	Virginia	10.5%
32	Nevada	10.4%
33	Minnesota	9.9%
34	Hawaii	9.3%
35	Nebraska	9.3%
36	West Virginia	9.2%
37	Vermont	8.8%
38	Montana	8.5%
39	Delaware	8.5%
40	Texas	8.3%
41	South Dakota	7.4%
42	North Carolina	7.4%
43	Utah	6.5%
44	Connecticut	6.3%
45	New Hampshire	6.1%
46	Pennsylvania	6.0%
47	Wyoming	5.8%
48	Maine	4.9%
49	New York	4.1%
50	Massachusetts	3.5%
51	New Jersey	3.1%
National average		12.6%

Data updated in 2024

According to the IRC, the following states have the greatest percentages of uninsured drivers:

Mississippi -- 29.4%
Michigan -- 25.5%
Tennessee -- 23.7%
New Mexico -- 21.8%
Washington -- 21.7%
Florida -- 20.4%
Alabama-- 19.5%
Arkansas -- 19.3%
District of Columbia -- 19.1%

New Jersey had the smallest percentage of uninsured drivers, with only 3.1% without coverage in 2019 (the latest year with data).

Nationwide, approximately one in eight drivers is uninsured. However, in some states, as many as one in four or one in five cars on the road is driven by someone without coverage.

If you have a run-in with an uninsured motorist, it can leave you paying for your own injuries and damage and going to court to seek compensation. A much easier route is to carry uninsured motorist insurance as part of your car insurance policy and make a claim for your damages.

However, some other coverages might pay for most of the same damages as UM/UIM. Health insurance can pay your medical bills, while collision coverage will pay for damage to your car regardless of fault. However, UM/UIM isn't costly and provides added protection.

Do I need uninsured motorist coverage if I have health insurance?

The main function of uninsured motorist vehicle coverage is to help cover your medical bills after an accident involving an uninsured driver. If you have excellent health insurance, UM for bodily injury may not be necessary as your medical bills should be covered by your health insurance.

However, if you have a high deductible health plan or high coinsurance amounts, uninsured motorist coverage makes sense. Uninsured and underinsured motorist coverage will cover your out-of-pocket medical expenses, even if the at-fault driver can't afford to pay.

In addition, UM insurance may pay out for pain and suffering as well as lost wages. According to the National Association of Insurance Commissioners, the average claim payment for UM for injuries is $29,825.

Do I need uninsured motorist coverage if I have collision coverage?

If you are carrying collision coverage, your vehicle will be repaired regardless of whether the person who hit you has insurance or not. However, if you are not carrying collision insurance, you will be on your own when it comes to fixing your vehicle after an accident if you are not covered by UM insurance. According to the National Association of Insurance Commissioners, the average claim payment for UMPD is $1,805.

Are uninsured motorist and uninsured motorist bodily injury coverages required?

UM and UIM coverage is voluntary in more than half of U.S. states, but some do require it. The following chart lists the states with uninsured drivers' insurance requirements and indicates the type of coverage that is mandated.

State requirements are shown for uninsured motorist, bodily injury (BI), uninsured motorist property damage (UMPD) coverage, and underinsured motorist property damage (UMIPD) coverage, along with required coverage limits.

States with UM and/or UIM requirements

UM required	Estimated percent UM	BI needed with:	UMBI limits	UMPD required	UM and/or UMI PD limits
Connecticut	6.3%	UM/UIM	$25,000/$50,000
Illinois	11.8%	UM	$25,000/$50,000
Kansas	10.9%	UM/UIM	$25,000/$50,000
Maine	4.9%	UM/UIM	$50,000/$100,000
Maryland	14.1%	UM/UIM	$30,000/$60,000	X	UMPD $15,000
Massachusetts	3.5%	UM/UIM	$20,000/$40,000
Minnesota	9.9%	UM/UIM	$25,000/$50,000
Missouri	16.4%	UM	$25,000/$50,000
Nebraska	9.3%	UM/UIM	$25,000/$50,000
New Hampshire	6.1%	UM/UIM	$25,000/$50,000
New Jersey	3.1%	UM/UIM	$15,000/$30,000	X	UMPD $5,000 ($500 deductible)
New York	4.1%	UM	$25,000/$50,000
North Carolina	7.4%	UM	$30,000/$60,000	X	UMPD $25,000 ($100 deductible)
North Dakota	5.9%	UM/UIM	$25,000/$50,000
Oregon	9.0%	UM	$25,000/$50,000
Rhode Island	17.0%	UM*	$25,000+/$50,000*	X	UMPD $25,000
South Carolina	7.7%	UM	$25,000/$50,000	X	UMPD $25,000 ($200 deductible)
South Dakota	7.4%	UM/UIM	$25,000/$50,000
North Dakota	13%	UM/UIM	$25,000/$50,000
Vermont	8.8%	UM/UIM	$50,000/$100,000	X	UMPD $10,000 ($150 deductible)
Virginia	10.5%	UM/UIM	$25,000/$50,000	X	UM/UMIPD $20,000 ($300 deductible)
Washington, D.C.	19.1%	UM	$25,000/$50,000	X	UMPD: $5,000 ($200 deductible)
West Virginia	9.2%	UM	$25,000/$50,000	X	UM/UMIPD $25,000 ($300 deductible)
Wisconsin	13.3%	UM	$25,000/$50,000

Data updated in 2024

*Required if policyholder chooses to purchase limits higher than $25,000/$50,000.

Source: Uninsured estimates from Insurance Research Council; Limits from Insurance Information Institute

Only 22 states and the District of Columbia have UM and/or UIM coverage requirements. Insurance mandates appear unrelated to the estimated percentage of uninsured motorists by state. Whether or not you add UM/UIM coverage may depend on the cost; be sure to consider whether or not you can afford to go without this important and inexpensive insurance.

How much uninsured motorist coverage do I need?

As with the other components of auto insurance, consumers can select from a various coverage levels.

"If your bodily injury limit is $500,000, your uninsured coverage should be the same," Emmette says. What's more, some insurers may limit you to UM coverage that is no greater than your other liability limits.

uninsured quote

He adds that the size of the court award doesn't matter; drivers will only be compensated by insurers up to their policy limit. "Say a jury awards you $400,000, but your policy is for $100,000," Emmette says. "You get $100,000."

Typically, UM and UIM limits are split limits written the same as your liability limits, per person and per incident. So, if you have 100/300 coverage, it means $100,000 per person and $300,000 per incident. If you buy combined single limits, it would be $300,000 that you could split among one or multiple people as need be.

In states offering uninsured or underinsured motorist property damage coverage, consumers may have the choice to buy UM insurance as a split limit or combined single limit policy.

Split limit plans have separate coverage levels for UMBI and UMPD. For example, they may be written as $50,000/$100,000/$25,000, providing coverage of $50,000 per person, subject to a maximum of $100,000 per accident for bodily injury and 25,000 for property damage.
Combined single limit plans are offered in a small number of states, where one coverage level can pay for both UMBI and UMPD. For instance, a $100,000 policy will pay for up to that amount of UM claims, regardless of whether or not they are related to bodily injury or property damage.

Combined single limit policies are more flexible, but split limit plans may be less expensive.

What does uninsured motorist insurance cover in a hit-and-run?

A hit-and-run can play out in a few different ways. A driver could hit your car, your fence or mailbox, or hit you while you’re out walking.

Where you live will most likely determine whether or not you can use your UM insurance for hit-and-run damage. In many states, you can use your UM coverage to repair your vehicle and cover your medical bills after a hit-and-run accident; however, there may be a deductible that comes into play. Check your policy or contact your agents for details regarding your specific policy.

In some states, UMPD insurance cannot be used for hit-and-run accidents. The following states will not allow drivers to use UMPD coverage for hit-and-run damage:

California
Colorado
Georgia
Illinois
Louisiana
Ohio

Stacking uninsured motorist and uninsured motorist bodily injury insurance

In some, but not all, states, you can elect to stack your uninsured motorist bodily injury and/or underinsured motorist bodily injury coverage. With stacking, you typically pay a bit more for the ability to raise your limits by the number of vehicles you have insured in your household.

For example, in a two-vehicle household where each vehicle has UMBI limits of 100/300, the maximum payout is $100,000 per person and $300,000 per incident. With stacked UMBI coverages, the limits would double to 200/600.

In general, there is no limit on the number of vehicles that can be insured with stacked UMBI coverage. If you only have one car on your policy, then stacking is not an option for you, but if you have multiple vehicles, stacking can be one of the perks of multi-car insurance.

Even if your state allows stacking, not all car insurance companies offer the option.

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